Synthesis
Excavations in Algeria have revealed that Homo erectus resided there between 500,000 and 700,000 years ago.
Phoenician traders settled on the Mediterranean coast in the 1st millennium B.C.
As ancient Numidia, Algeria became a Roman colony, part of what was called Mauretania Caesariensis, at the close of the Punic Wars (145 B.C. ).
Conquered by the Vandals about A.D. 440, it fell from a high state of civilization to virtual barbarism, from which it partly recovered after advent of Islam about 650.
Christian during its Roman period, the indigenous Berbers were then converted to Islam.
Falling under the Ottoman Authority by 1536, Algiers served for three centuries as the headquarters of the Algiers Regency.
The French occupied Algeria in 1830 and made it a part of France in 1848.
Prehistory
- Middle Paleolithic: Aterian civilization (Bir el-Ater deposit, in Némentcha, 70 km south of Tebessa, at the eastern end of Jebel Onk).
- Neolithic old “escargotières” of the Constantinois and the Sahara: hills of stones, the Capsiens are snail eaters.
- Recent in the Sahara (humid): brilliant civilization (engravings and cave paintings of the Tassili of the Adjers).
- XVIth to the IXth century BC: the probable descendants of the Capsiens come into contact with the “peoples of the Sea” who teach them Aegean and Anatolian techniques: the Sahara becomes desert and empty.
Carthaginian Period, Roman Epoch and Kingdom of Numidia
- Towards -1250: Arrival of the Phoenicians and foundation of the counters of Hippo and Utica …
- Towards -510: Treaty between Rome and Carthage, Rome recognizes the commercial monopoly of Carthage in the western Mediterranean.
- -348 to -306: Punic-Roman trade treaties.
- -264 to -146 Punic Wars (-264 -241, -218 -201, -149 -146).
- 3rd and 2nd centuries BC: Numa kingdoms of Syphax, Massinissa and Jugurtha.
- -111 to -105: War jugurthine between Jugurtha king of the Numidians and the Romans.
- -46: Numidia becomes a Roman province.
- 1 to 429: Romanization of North Africa.
- 429 to 430: Vandal Invasion.
- 533-646: Byzantine Conquest of North Africa.
The Advent of Islam
- 647:Arrival of the Arabs: Incursion of Oqba ibn-Nafa.
- 776-909:The Rostomid Dynasty.
- 908-972:The Fatimid Dynasty.
- 972-1148:The Zirides.
- 1007 to 1152:The Hammadites.
- 1052-1147:The Almoravids.
- 1121-1235:The Almohads.
- 1235-1556:The Zianid Dynasty.
The Ottoman Authority
- 1518: In order to combat the threat of the Spanish occupation, Algiers was placed under the protection of the Ottoman Sultan of Istanbul by Barbarossa.
- 1534-1587: Reign of the “Beylerbeys” (23 Beylerbeys succeeded to the power).
- 1587-1659: Reign of the Pachas (about 40 Pachas succeeded to the power).
- 1659-1671: Reign of the “Aghas” (about 04 aghas succeeded to the power). Authority of the Deys-Pachas (11 deys succeeded one another).
- 1671-1710: Algiers resists English and French offensives (1678,1680,1682,1688).
- 1710-1830: Authority of the Dey (18 succeeded, the last being the dey Hocine)
Chronology of the resistance and the national movement
- 1830-1870
- 1871-1919
- 1923-1954
Chronology of the colonial policy
- 1830-1870
- 1870-1900
- 1900-1954
Chronology of the Algerian Revolution and the colonial policy
- 1954-1962
Chronology of the resistance and the national movement
1830
June 14 Landing of the french military expedition
June 18 Battle of Staoueli between the french and the Dey troops
July 23 Beginning of resistance in Mitidja
1832
November 27 Triggering of Emir AbdelKader resistance
1833
June 03 Hamdane Khodja presents a report on the Algerian situation
1834
February 26 Signing of Desmichels Treaty
1835
June 27 Battles of Emir Abdelkader : Battle of Maktâa
September 23 Emir Abdelkader sends a mail to Great-Britain
1836
November 21 First battle of Constantine
1837
May 30 Signing of Tafna Treaty between Emir Abdelkader and General Bugeaud
October 06-13 Second battle of Constantine
1839
December 23 Combats of Emir Abdelkader army : Battle of Oued El Alleug
1843
May 16 The Tribe of Emir Abdelkader falls into the hands of Duc d’Aumale
1845
September 26 Combats of Emir Abdelkader army : Battle of Sidi Brahim.
1847
July Removal of Emir Abdelkader to Morocco.
December 23 Emir Abdelkader surrenders to french commander Lamoriciere
December 25 Emir Abdelkader is transfered to France
1848
June 05 Ahmed Bey surrenders to french forces
November Emir Abdelkader is transfered to Amboise prison
1849
May Beginninig of the resistance of Zaatchas
November 26 CHEIKH Bouziane dies in action during the battle of Sidi el Mazari
1851
February Triggering of the resistance of Cherif Boubaghla
September 05 Triggering of the resistance of Bennaceur ibn Chohra
1852
December 02/04 Triggering of resistance in Laghouat
1855
August 30 Triggering of resistance in Djurdjura under the leadership of Cherif Bouhmara
1857
May Triggering of the resistance of Lalla Fatma N’soumer
1864
April 08 Triggering of the resistance of Ouled Sidi CHEIKH
1869
February 01 Battles of the resistance of Ouled Sidi CHEIKH : Battle of Oum Debdab under the leadership of Si Yala
Chronology of the resistance and the national movement (1871-1919)
1871
January Triggering of the resistance of Beni Menaceur
February Triggering of the resistance of Spahis and Mohamed El Kablouti
March Appointment of Henri de Gueydon as general governor in Algeria
March 05 Cherif Bouchoucha penetrates the region of Oued Souf and appoints Bennaceur Ben Chohra to represent him as Khalifa
March 15 Triggering of the resistance of El Hadj El Mokrani
March 25 Confiscation of Mohamed El Mokrani assets by decision of Algeria general governor
April CHEIKH El Haddad joins El Mokrani and combats on his sides
May 05 Death in action of El Hadj Mohamed El Mokrani
June Triggering of the resistance of Mouley Ech-Chekfa
July CHEIKH El Haddad is made prisoner by the french army in company of his son Aziz
September 20 Battle of Negrine between Cherif Mohamed Ben Abdallah and the french army
October 12 Cherif Mohamed Ben Abdallah goes to the tunisian west
1873
June Appointment of General Antoine Chanzy as Algeria general governor
July Cherif Bouchoucha launches several attacks against french positions located in the South
1874
March Cherif Bouchoucha is made prisoner
1875
June 02 Bennaceur Ben Chohra leaves Tunisia for Beyrouth and Damascus in reason of Tunis Bey pressures
June 29 The French authorities execute the death penalty of Cherif Bouchoucha in Constantine
1876
April 11 Triggering of the resistance of the oasis of Amiri (Biskra)
1879
March Appointment of Albert Grevy as Algeria general governor
June Triggering of Aures resistance
1881
February 16 Triggering of the resistance of touaregs under the leadership of CHEIKH Amoud
April Triggering of the resistance of CHEIKH Bouamama
May 19 Battles of the resistance of Ouled Sidi CHEIKH : Battle of Chellala
August 14 Destruction of the mausoleum of Sidi CHEIKH by the french army
November 26 Appointment of Louis Tirman as Algeria general governor
1883
May 26 Death of Emir Abdelkader ibn Mohieddine in Damascus
1888
August The french army launches a military campaign in Djebel Amour mounts against tribes which joined CHEIKH Bouamama resistance
1901
April 26 Triggering of the resistance of Ain Turki and Miliana under the leadership of CHEIKH Yacoub ibn El Hadj
January The french authority confiscates the assets of those who participated to the resistance of Aïn Turki
February Moroccan authorities drive CHEIKH Bouamama out of Figuig on demand of the French.
May 07 Triggering of the battle of Tit under the leadership of CHEIKH Amoud
1903
January Battle of Samamir near Oujda between CHEIKH Bouamama and the moroccan army
1905
July/August Triggering of several forest fires in the region of Chlef and in Kabylie; France adopts the principle of collective responsibility to punish tribes
1912
February 03 Publication of the decree bearing obligatory conscription of young Algerians
September 19 Publication of the decree bearing sanctions relative to obligatory conscription
September 21 Triggering of the resistance of Beni Chougrane (Mascara) against obligatory conscription
1916
February CHEIKH Amoud wins victory over french troops during the battle of Djanet
September Resistance of Aures aginst obligatory conscription
1919
May Emir Khaled, grandson of Emir Abdelkader sends a petition to President Wilson
CHRONOLOGY OF THE RESISTANCE AND THE NATIONAL MOVEMENT (1923-1954)
1923
July Emir Khaled leaves Algeria bound for Cairo
1924
July Letter from Emir Khaled to President Heriot
September 03 Holding of the congress of the North-Africans with the participation of Emir Khaled
1925
March 25,1925 Maurice Violette is appointed general governor in Algeria
March 1926 Creation of the party of The North African Star
1927
June 10/18 Creation of the Federation of Algerian elected members
1930
January 01,1930 Celebration of the occupation centenary
1931
May 5,1931 Creation of The Muslim Ulemas Association
July 8,1931 Promulgation of Blum violette project
1935
September 17 Holding of the first congress of The Algerian Muslim Ulemas Association
1936
January 09 Death of Emir Khlaed
April 26 Authorization of the muslim boy-scouts Federation
June 7 Holding of the Islamic Congress
1937
October 08/17 Creation of the Algerian Communist Party
January 26 Promulgation of a presidential decree bearing dissolution of the North-African Star
March 11/12 Creation of the Algerian people Party
July 14 Demonstrations of the Algerian People Party in Algiers
1940
April 16 Death of CHEIKH Abdelhamid ibn Badis
1941
May 08 Execution of Mohamed Bouras
1943
February 12 Publishing of the Algerian Manifesto
1944
March 14 Creation of the Freedom and Manifesto Friends Movement
1945
May 08 Demonstrations of May 08, 1945
1946
September 25/28 Creation of the Democratic Union for the Algerian Manifesto Party
November
10 Creation of the Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Freedoms (MTDF)
1947
February 15 Holding of the first congress of the MTDF
October Victory of the MTDF in elections
September 20 Staute of Algeria
1948
September Letter from Messali El Hadj to the United Nations
1949
September 16/18 Second congress of the Democratic Union for the Algerian Manifesto
1950
March The french police undertakes the breaking up of The Special Organization
May 10 Arrest of Ahmed Ben Bella
May The Muslim Ulemas Association claims the separation of the Religion and the State
June 20/21 Trial of Ahmed Ben Bella in the case of Oran post office
1951
May 01 Demonstrations in Paris under the leadership of the MTDF
1952
March 16 Escape of Ahmed Ben Bella and Mahsas
May 14 Demonstrations of the MTDF in Chlef
May France expels Messali out of Algeria
1953
April B Beginning of the crisis between Messali el Hadj and Centralists
June 12 Mendes France is appointed general governor in Algeria
1954
July 13-15 Extraordinary congress of the MTDF
March Creation of the Revolutionary Committee for Unity and Action
June 17-18 Mendes France is appointed Prime Minister
July 25 Meeting of the 22
October 24 Creation of the National Liberation Front
October 10 Decision of the Special organization to structure the national territory
October 24 The date of November 1 is decreed for The triggering of the Revolution
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COLONIAL POLICY (1830-1870)
1830
January 31 King Charles X decides to conquer Algeria
February 07 Appointment of Louis de Bourmont at the head of the french expedition against Algeria
September 03 General Clauzel succeeds to De Bourmont in Algeria
September 08 Clauzel promulgates a decree bearing confiscation of all the assets of the ottoman and waqf assets
December 24 Creation by Clauzel of a local militia in Algiers
December 31 Promulgation of an ordinance bearing confiscation of all the assets of Ahmed Bey
1831
December 06 De Rovigo is appointed general commander for Algeria
1832
April 06 Slaughter of Al Aoufia tribe near El Harrach
1833
March Evizard is appointed interim general commander for Algeria after the death of De Rovigo
August 28 France sends an investigation committee on request of Hamdane Khodja
1835
July Clauzel is appointed General governor in Algeria
December 06 Occupation of the city of Mascara by General Clauzel
1836
April 04 Occupation of the city of Medea by General Clauzel
September 30 Relegation of Hamdane Khodja and Ahmed Boudharba
1837
October General Valee is appointed General governor in Algeria after the death of Damremont
1840
December 29 General Bugeaud is appointed General Governor in Algeria
1841
May Havoc of the city of Takdempt, capital of Emir Abdelkader
1842
October 17 Slaughter of Arib tribes by General Bugeaud
1843
May 16 Arson and destruction of the Tribe of Emir Abdelkader
1844
February Promulgation of a ministerial decree bearing creation of arab bureaus
1845
June 05-19 Slaughter of the tribe of Ouled Riah by General Pelissier
August 08 Collective slaughter of 500 people ashphyxiated by Saint Arnaud in a cave near Beni Menaceur (Surroundings of Cherchell)
November Legalization and regulation of the practice of hebraic cult in Algeria
1849
November Decapitation of CHEIKH Bouziane, his son and his companion Moussa el Derkaoui and transfer of their heads to France
1851
May General Pelissier is appointed interim General Governor
December 11 Genral Randon is appointed General Governor
1852
February 26 Confiscation of assets of all those who participated to the resistance of Zaatchas Oasis
October 30 Occupation authorities give their agreement for the transfer of Emir Abdelkader to Paris
December 21 Emir Abdelkader is authorized to leave France for Turkey
1860
September 17-19 Visit to Algeria of Emperor Napoleon III
December General Pelissier is appointed general Governor in Algeria
1861
November 13 Confiscation of assets of Bousaâda inhabitants who participated to the Resistance of Zaâtchas
1864
September Marshal Mac Mahon is appointed general governor in Algeria
1865
March 13 The french authority applies the decision of assets confiscation to those who participated to the Resistance of Ouled Sidi CHEIKH
May 03 Second visit of Emperor Napoleon III to Algeria
July 14 Promulgation of the law called Senatus consultum law
September 01 Regulation of the colonization of populating by cession of 100 thousand hectares of confiscated lands
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COLONIAL POLICY (1870-1900)
1870
January 08 Promulgation of a decree bearing organization of islamic justice
October 24 Promulgation of Cremieux decree
March 25 Promulgation of the decision of confiscation of all the assets of El hadj Mohamed el Mokrani
1872
May-July The french authority extends the application of the assets confiscation decision to all the tribes having participated to the Resistance of El Mokrani
1873
April 26 Promulgation of Warnier law
1874
July 17 Promulgation of the law of fire fighting
September 11 Promulgation of the Denizingship Code in Algeria
1875
June 29 Repression of Aures Resistance and confiscation of rebels assets
1881
June 29 The french authorities execute Cherif Bouchoucha in Constantine
1889
April 17 Promulgation of a decree on isalmic justice bearing the conditions of appointment of muslim judges (cadis)
1892
October 18 Decree bearing organization of the teaching
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COLONIAL POLICY (1900-1954)
1902
March29/May28 Decision bearing creation of special courts
1904
December 21 Reconduction and renewal of the Denizingship Code
1907
December 24 Reconduction and renewal of the Denizingship Code
1912
February Approbation of the law on obligatory conscription by the French National Assembly
1915
July Reprisals operations against those who participated to the Resistance of Beni Chougrane
1917
1917 Measures of Leautaud against Aures Resistance
1918
November 01 Decree of cancellation of taxes
1920
August Reconduction, renewal and reinforcement of the Denizingship Code
1931
July Law bearing annulment of special courts
July 08 Violette Blum Project
1937
January 26 Dissolution decision of the North African Star
1938
March 08 Decree bearing teaching in arab language
1940
October 1940 Law beraing abrogation of Cremieux Decree
1941
May 08 Execution of Mohamed Bouras
1950
May 10 Arrest of Ahmed ben Bella
1951
March 04 135 leaders of the Special Organization were presented in front of the court
1952
May Banishment of Messali El Hadj off the Algerian territory
CHRONOLOGY OF THE ALGERIAN REVOLUTION AND THE COLONIAL POLICY 1954-1962
1954
1st of November Triggering of the Revolution
November 03 French reactions to the triggering of the Revolution
November 05 Death in action of Ben Abdelmalek Ramdane near Mostaganem
November 05 French political reactions
November 18 Death in action of Badji Mokhtar near Souk Ahras
November 29 Death in action of Belgacem Grine in Aures
December 23 Beginning of military operations
1955
January 14 Arrest in Tunisia of Mustapha Benboulaïd, head of zone I
January 14 Death in action of Didouche Mourad, head of zone II in the battle of Boukarkar
January 23 Pursuance of military operations and starting of operations Violette-Veronique
January 25 Appointment of Jacques Soustelle as general governor in replacement of Roger Leonard
February 05 Failure of Mendes France policy and fall of the french government
April 01 Approbation by the French national Assembly of the application of the law bearing Emergency State for a duration of 06 months
May 15 Reinforcement of the french war effort : Allocation of 15 milliard francs to put an end to the Revolution
May 16 The french ministers council decides to assign 40 thousand additional soldiers and calls back resevists to reinforce the french war effort
June 01 Jacques Soustelle announces some reforms
June 13 Among the NLA battles : First battle of el Hamima in department I
June 24 Arrest of Lamine Debaghine
July 13 Birth of the Algerian Muslim Students General Union
August 20 Beginning of attacks in North of Constatine area
September 22 Battles of the NLA in department I : Battle of El Djorf 1
September 29 Creation of the Specialized Administrative services
October 01 The arms during the Revolution : Arrival of an arms and ammunitions lot on board jordanian ship Diana
October 01 Beginning of the NLA attacks in the Algerian West
October 27 Boudghine Ben Ali (Lotfi) joins the ranks of the NLA
October 30 Death in action of Chihani Bachir, head of department I
December 10 Support to the french war effort : Arrival of 180 thousand soldiers to Algeria
1956
January 7 The Muslim Ulemas Association proclaims its self-dissolution and its rallying to the Revolution
January 19 Murder of Dr Benzerdjeb in Tlemcen
February 24 Creation of the Algerian workers General Union
March 22 Death in action of Mustapha Benboulaïd
April 05 Desertion: Maillot deserts and joins the renks of the Revolution with a quantity of arms
April 16 Death in action of Souidani Boudjemaâ in the surroundings of Kolea
April 22 Ferhat Abbas dissolves the AMDU
April 22 Ahmed Francis joins the ranks of the Revolution
April 28 The NLA faces a combing operation called «The hope and the gun »
May 06 Battles of the NLA in department I: Battle of Djebel Boutaleb
May 19 Strike of the Algerian Muslim Students General Union who join the Revolution
May 23 Arrest of Aïssat Idir
July 07 Batlles of the NLA in department IV : Battle of Ouarsenis
August 20 Holding of Soummam Congress
September 23 Death in action of Zighoud Youcef in Sidi Ferghich
October 16 The arms during the Revolution : The french forces hail the ship Athos with 70 tons of ammunitions onboard her.
November 01 The NLF diffuses Soummam Congress resolutions
November 08 Battles of the NLA in department 6 : Battle of Djebel Bouk’hil
December 09 Battles of the NLA in department 6 : Battle of Nsin’sa
December 26 Battles of the NLA in department I : Battle of Ouled Rechach
1957
January 01 Creation of «The voice of Algeria » radio
January 07 Beginning of Algiers battle under the leadership of General Massu
January 09 Creation of the Algerian Red Cresscent
January 28 Begining of the eight days strike
February 23 Arrest of Larbi Ben M’hidi
March 03 Death under torture of Larbi Ben M’hidi
April 08 Creation of the NLF sports team
April 20 Battles of the NLA in department V : battle of Fellaoucene
May 28 Death in action of Ali Mellah, head of department VI
June 12 The french parliament gives its approval for the formation of Bourges-Maunoury government
July 19 Battles of the NLA in department IV : Battle of Djebel Bouzegza
August 05 Republication of the newspaper El Moudjahid in Tunis
August 06 Sahara scission policy : Decree of Max Lejeune to divide the Sahara
August 28 Holding of the 1st National Congress of the Algerian Revolution in Cairo
September 19 Approbation of the frame law relative to Algeria by the French Ministers Council
October 08 Death in action of Ali Ammar (Ali Lapointe) and Hassiba Benbouali in Casbah
October 25 Meeting of the Execution and Coordination committee in Tunis
November 06 Agreement between the National Movement and the french army to supress the Revolution
December 22 Death in action of Abbane Ramdane in Morocco
1958
January 08 Dissolution of the Algerian Muslim Students General Union
February 08 Bombing of Sakiet Sidi Youcef
February 19 The french ministers council decides to institute forbidden zones on the West frontiers
April 15 Multiplication of french governments of which the fall is caused by the Revolution : Fall of Felix Gaillard government
April 25 Execution of the death sentence by guillotine of Taleb Abderrahmane
April 28 The congress of Tangiers supports the struggle of the Algerian people
May 13 May 13th, 1958 putsch
June 04-07 Visit of Charles de Gaulle to Algeria
June 17 Death of the head of the Messalist movement Mohamed Belounis
June 28 Multiplication of operations carried out by the Federation members
August 27-28 M’hamed Yazid presents a manifesto to the United Nations denouncing France policy.
September 19 Creation of the Algerian Republic Provisional Government (ARPG)
September 26 First declaration of the ARPG which announces the opening of negociations with France
October 02 Announcement of Constantine socio economic project
October 23 Charles de Gaulle proposes the Peace of the Brave men to the NLF
November 03 Evolution of the strategy of the NLA in front of military operations
December 02 Charles de Gaulle is elected President of the French Republic
December 08 The United Nations list the Algerian issue on their works agenda.
1959
March 7 Transfer of Ahmed Ben Bella and his companions to the prison of Aix island
March 28 Death in action of colonels Amirouche and Si El Haoues
April 18 Implementation of Challe plan
April 01 France locks up more than 9 million Algerians in concentration camps
May 05 Death in action of Colonel Si Mohamed Bougara
July 22 Beginning of the execution of operation jumelles in department II
July 29 Death in action of Si Tayeb El Djeghlafi, head of department IV
August 27-30 General De Gaulle and the colonial policy in Algeria
September 01 The Arab League adopts a certain number of resolutions in the frame of the arab support to the Revolution
September 04 The National Liberation Army braves operation pierres precieuses
September 16 Charles de Gaulle recognizes the right of Algeria to self-determination
November 10 Charles De Gaulle renews his call for a cease-fire
November 20 The ARPG appoints Ahmed Ben Bella and his companions to undertake negociations with France about self-determination
December 10 Meeting of the Revolution National Council and formation of the second provisional government under the presidency of Ferhat Abbas
December 19 The Algerian Workers General Union rejects the results of the investigation about the death of Aissat Idir
1960
January 05 The newspaper “Le Monde” publishes the report of the Red Cross on torture in Algeria
January 18 The National Council approves the creation of the Staff under the leadership of colonel Houari Boumediene
January 19 Increase of activity of the woman during the Revolution with the participation of the Algerian Women Union in Bamako.
February 13 First french nuclear explosion in Reggane in the Algerian Sahara
March 08 Meeting of the Algerian Revolution National Council in Tunis
March 27 Death in action of Colonel Lotfi, head of department V
April 30 Second explosion of a french atomic bomb
April 30 Welcome of Krim Belkacem by the authorities……………………
May 01 Use of bombs with napalm by France south of Ain Sefra
May 04 Visit of the ARPG delegation to Vietnam in the frame of the Internationalization of the Algerian issue
June 28 Beginning of algero-french negociations in Melun
September 05 Charles De Gaulle evokes Algerian Algeria during a conference
September 27 Vist of Ferhat Abbas and Bentobbal to the Soviet Union and China
October 07 Among the states which recognized the ARPG, the Soviet Union
October 12 Attack of posts of the Harkis group in Paris
November 16 Charles De Gaulle declares in front of the ministers council his intention to organize a referendum on self-determination
December 11 Starting of December 11th demonstrations in several regions of the country
1961
April 11 During a press conference, Charles De Gaulle declares that it is not in the interest of France to stay in Algeria and asserts that Algeria is Algerian
May 10 Actual starting of Algero-french negociations in Evian
July 20 Resumption of Algero-french negociations in Lugrin
July 13 Death of Colonel Si Salah Zaamoum
August 09-28 Meeting of the Algerian Revolution National Council and appointment pf Benyoucef Benkhedda as president of the ARPG
November 04 Arrest of Abderrahmane Fares
December 06 Anti-SAO day (Secret Army Organization)
1962
January 09 Seddik Benyahia hands over the memorandum of the Algerian Government as an answer to the french memorandum
February 27 Demonstrations of Ouargla to denounce the Sahara scission project
March 18 Signing of Evian agreements by Krim Belkacem and Louis Joxe
March 29 The provisional executive presided over by Abderrahmane Fares is put in charge to manage the transistion period and prepare the referendum
April 01 The SAO intensifies its terrorist operations against Algerians
June 28 Ahmed Ben Bella leaves Tunis on board an Egyptian plane
July 01 Referendum on self-determination
July 05 OFFICIAL PROCLAMATION OF THE INDEPENDENCE
October 08 Algeria’s accesssion to United Nations.
Click below to read The call of the nationalist leaders for the triggering of the revolution.
The lifting of the Algerian flag at the UN in video